"Fame-shaming has long been a feature of the celebrity-industrial complex. Throughout the 20th century, gossip magazines, tabloid TV shows, and lurid tell-alls cashed in on the misdeeds of famous actors and musicians. Though a handful of celebrities seemed to capitalize on their anti-establishment reputations, the “stars behaving badly” trope (as Lieve Gies dubs it in this paper) has typically superseded any particular star-persona. Rather, in spotlighting celebrities’ wrongdoings, media outlets have served as moral arbiters, reinforcing social sanctions by identifying norm transgressions, especially those linked to gender, race, and class."